Unpacking the High: A Guide to Cannabis Consumption Methods and Their Effects

The landscape of cannabis use has significantly transformed in recent years, moving from the fringes to a more mainstream presence in both recreational and medicinal contexts ¹. As its acceptance grows, so too does the variety of ways individuals choose to consume it. From age-old traditions to modern innovations, the methods of cannabis consumption are diverse, and each can lead to a subtly different experience and set of effects ³. Understanding these nuances is paramount for anyone considering or currently using cannabis, as it empowers them to make informed decisions tailored to their desired outcomes and preferences.

The effects of cannabis are not uniform across all individuals or consumption methods. Several key factors play a crucial role in shaping the experience. These include the concentration of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol) in the cannabis product, the frequency of use, an individual’s unique metabolism, and, most significantly, the chosen method of consumption ⁵. The increasing legalization and social acceptance of cannabis have created a greater demand for clear and reliable information that extends beyond the simple act of smoking. This article aims to address that need by exploring the most common cannabis consumption methods and detailing their relative effects, advantages, and disadvantages. The variability in how cannabis affects individuals based on these factors highlights the complexity of its use and underscores the importance of a personalized approach to understanding its effects.

Inhalation Methods: Fast-Acting Relief

Inhalation remains a popular category of cannabis consumption due to the rapid onset of effects. This category primarily includes smoking, vaporizing, and dabbing.

A. Smoking: The Traditional Route

Smoking cannabis involves the combustion of dried cannabis flower, which releases cannabinoids and other compounds in smoke that individuals then inhale. This method encompasses several common techniques. Joints, perhaps the most iconic, are essentially cannabis rolled into a cigarette using thin paper ⁹. Blunts, another familiar option, utilize hollowed-out cigars or cigar wrappers filled with cannabis ⁵. Pipes, available in various shapes and materials like glass, metal, or wood, offer a more direct way to smoke smaller quantities of cannabis ⁹. Bongs, also known as water pipes, filter the smoke through water, often resulting in a cooler and potentially less harsh inhalation ⁹.

The effects of smoking cannabis are typically felt very quickly, often within seconds to a few minutes after inhalation ³. This rapid onset is due to the direct absorption of THC and other cannabinoids into the bloodstream via the lungs. The duration of these effects usually lasts between one and three hours, although some residual effects can linger for up to six hours ¹². The intensity of the high experienced through smoking can vary depending on the THC concentration of the cannabis used and the depth and duration of inhalation ¹².

Smoking offers the advantage of a rapid onset of effects, which can be beneficial for individuals seeking immediate relief ¹². For many, the act of smoking, particularly in social settings, is also a familiar and sometimes ritualistic practice. However, this method is not without its drawbacks. The combustion of plant material produces smoke that contains numerous toxins, carcinogens, and irritants, which can pose significant risks to respiratory health ³. Specific health risks associated with smoking cannabis include an increased likelihood of developing bronchitis, lung infections, and chronic cough, as well as increased mucus production ¹¹. Some research also suggests a potential link between long-term cannabis smoking and an increased risk of certain cancers and cardiovascular problems ¹¹. Furthermore, smoking cannabis can produce a stronger odor compared to other methods, which may be a concern for some users.

While smoking remains the most traditional way to consume cannabis, the documented risks to the respiratory system are substantial ³. This has led many health-conscious individuals to explore alternative inhalation methods that aim to reduce these harms. Interestingly, a study comparing joints and blunts revealed that while joints may deliver a greater amount of THC, blunts, due to the tobacco leaf wrapper, can lead to higher levels of carbon monoxide exposure ³². This highlights that even within the category of smoking, different methods can carry varying risks.

B. Vaporizing: Heating Without Burning

Vaporizing, often referred to as vaping, offers an alternative to smoking by heating cannabis to a temperature that causes the active compounds, such as cannabinoids and terpenes, to evaporate into a gas or aerosol, which users then inhale ³. This process avoids the combustion of plant material, potentially reducing the intake of harmful byproducts associated with smoke ³. Vaporizers come in various forms, including portable vape pens that resemble pens or USB drives, and larger desktop units. Some are designed for use with dried cannabis flower, while others are specifically for cannabis concentrates like oils, waxes, and shatter ³.

Similar to smoking, the onset of effects from vaporizing is rapid, typically felt within seconds to minutes ⁶. The duration of the high is also comparable, generally lasting between two and four hours, though it can extend up to six hours depending on the dose and individual ⁶. Many users report that vaporizing provides a smoother inhalation experience compared to the often harsh smoke produced by combustion ³³.

One of the primary advantages of vaporizing is the potential for fewer harmful byproducts compared to smoking ³. Vaporizers can also produce a milder smell, which may be preferable for discreet use. The ease of use and portability of many vape devices make them a convenient option for many consumers ³. Furthermore, some vaporizers offer precise temperature control, allowing users to tailor their experience and potentially target specific cannabinoids and terpenes that vaporize at different temperatures. However, it is important to note that vaporizing is not entirely without risks. The outbreak of e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) highlighted the potential for serious lung damage, particularly with the use of unregulated or black-market THC oil cartridges that may contain harmful additives like vitamin E acetate ¹¹. There is also concern about the inhalation of heavy metals from the heating coils within some vaporizers and the potential release of carcinogenic compounds from certain vaporizing fluids ¹¹. Additionally, the use of concentrates in vaporizers can deliver very high levels of THC, leading to more intense effects and a greater risk of adverse reactions, especially for individuals new to cannabis or those with lower tolerance ²¹. Interestingly, some research suggests that vaping cannabis might be associated with more respiratory symptoms indicative of lung injury than vaping nicotine or smoking cigarettes or marijuana alone ³⁹. This indicates that the assumption of vaping being universally safer than other inhalation methods requires careful consideration and further research.

C. Dabbing: Concentrated Potency

Dabbing is a method of cannabis consumption that involves vaporizing highly concentrated cannabis extracts, commonly referred to as dabs, on a heated surface and inhaling the resulting vapor ⁴. These extracts, which can come in forms like wax, shatter, budder, and oil, typically contain significantly higher levels of THC, often ranging from 60% to 90% or even more ¹². Dabbing usually requires specialized equipment, such as a dab rig (a type of water pipe with a heat-resistant “nail” or “banger”) or an electronic nail (e-nail) which eliminates the need for a torch ⁴.

The effects of dabbing are felt almost immediately, with an extremely rapid onset of just seconds after inhalation ¹². This quick delivery of a high concentration of THC leads to very intense psychoactive effects ¹². The duration of these effects is generally shorter compared to edibles, typically lasting between one and three hours ⁴¹.

One of the main perceived advantages of dabbing is its potency and fast-acting nature ⁴¹. For individuals with a high tolerance to THC or those seeking immediate and strong relief, dabbing can be an appealing option. Some users also believe that if done correctly with high-quality extracts, it can be a cleaner method of consumption compared to smoking, as it involves vaporization rather than combustion ⁴³. However, the high THC content inherent in dabbing also carries significant disadvantages. There is a considerably increased risk of over-intoxication, which can manifest as anxiety, paranoia, and panic attacks ⁵. The use of a torch to heat the nail on a traditional dab rig also presents a risk of burns ⁴². Furthermore, cannabis concentrates used for dabbing may contain harmful contaminants, such as residual solvents (like butane used in the extraction process) and pesticides, if not produced by reputable sources ⁵. Regular use of high-potency concentrates through dabbing can also lead to a rapid increase in tolerance to THC and a greater potential for dependence ⁵. In rare cases, dabbing has been linked to specific health risks like dabbing-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis ⁴⁸. The process of making dabs, particularly at home using flammable solvents like butane, is extremely dangerous and has been known to cause explosions and severe burns ⁴².

Ingestion Methods: Delayed Onset, Longer Lasting Effects

Ingestion of cannabis offers a different experience compared to inhalation, characterized by a slower onset of effects but a longer duration. This category includes edibles and tinctures.

A. Edibles: A World of Infused Treats

Cannabis edibles encompass a wide range of food and drink products that have been infused with cannabis extracts or oils ³. These can include familiar treats like gummies, chocolates, brownies, and cookies, as well as beverages, capsules, and even drops that can be added to food or drinks ³.

One of the defining characteristics of edibles is the delayed onset of their effects. When cannabis is ingested, it must first travel through the digestive system, starting in the stomach and moving to the small intestine where the body absorbs cannabinoids into the bloodstream ³. From there, the cannabinoids are transported to the liver, where THC undergoes a process called first-pass metabolism ³. During this process, delta-9-THC, the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis, is converted into 11-hydroxy-THC, which is a more potent form of THC that can cross the blood-brain barrier more effectively ³. This metabolic conversion is a key reason why the effects of edibles can feel different and sometimes more intense than those from inhaled cannabis. Due to this digestive and metabolic process, it typically takes anywhere from 30 minutes to two hours, and in some cases up to four hours, to begin feeling the effects of edible cannabis ³. The full effects can take up to four hours to peak ¹³.

The duration of the effects from edibles is considerably longer than with inhalation methods, often lasting between four and twelve hours, with some residual effects potentially lingering for up to 24 hours ¹². This extended duration can be particularly beneficial for individuals using cannabis for medicinal purposes who require sustained relief from symptoms like chronic pain or insomnia ⁴. Edibles also offer a discreet way to consume cannabis without the odor associated with smoking or vaping ⁴.

However, the delayed onset of effects is a significant factor that can lead to accidental overconsumption, especially for inexperienced users who may take more before the initial dose has fully taken effect ⁵. This can result in a more intense and sometimes unpleasant experience, including symptoms like anxiety, paranoia, nausea, and even psychotic episodes ⁵. Precise dosing can also be challenging with edibles, particularly homemade ones, leading to variability in the amount of THC consumed ⁷. Another significant concern is the risk of accidental ingestion by children and pets, as edibles often resemble regular food or candy ⁵. Health risks associated with edibles can include cannabis poisoning, as well as potential interactions with other medications ⁵⁵. The delayed onset of effects in edibles is a critical factor contributing to the risk of overconsumption ⁵, emphasizing the importance of starting with a low dose and waiting a significant amount of time before considering more. The liver’s conversion of THC to 11-hydroxy-THC in edibles results in a more potent and longer-lasting high ³, a key difference from inhalation that users should be aware of.

B. Tinctures: Liquid Precision

Cannabis tinctures are liquid extracts made by soaking cannabis flower in a solvent such as alcohol, glycerin, or oil ⁴. They are typically administered sublingually, by placing a few drops under the tongue, or can be swallowed directly or mixed into food or drinks ⁴.

When taken sublingually, the onset of effects from tinctures is generally faster, typically occurring within 15 to 45 minutes ⁸. This is because the body absorbs the cannabinoids directly into the bloodstream through the mucous membranes in the mouth, bypassing the digestive system and first-pass metabolism in the liver to some extent ⁸. When swallowed orally, the onset is more similar to edibles, taking around 30 to 60 minutes or longer ⁸. The duration of effects from sublingual administration is generally shorter, lasting around 2 to 4 hours ⁸, while oral ingestion can lead to effects lasting 4 to 12 hours, similar to edibles ⁸.

Tinctures offer the advantage of precise dosing, as they are typically packaged in bottles with a dropper, allowing users to control the exact number of drops and thus the amount of cannabis consumed ⁴. Sublingual administration provides a relatively fast onset compared to edibles, making tinctures a good option for those seeking quicker relief without the respiratory risks of inhalation ⁴. Tinctures are also discreet and can be easily added to food or beverages for oral consumption ⁴. Additionally, tinctures generally have a longer shelf life compared to some other cannabis products ⁶⁸. However, some alcohol-based tinctures can have a harsh or bitter taste, which may be unpleasant for some users ⁷². While precise dosing is a benefit, it can still be tricky for individuals to determine the optimal amount, and potential interactions with other medications should be considered ⁷³. Health risks associated with tinctures can include dizziness, drowsiness, and dry mouth, similar to other forms of cannabis consumption, as well as the potential for interactions with other medications ²⁵. Tinctures offer a middle ground in terms of onset and duration compared to inhalation and edibles ⁸. The choice of the base liquid, such as alcohol, glycerin, or oil, can influence the taste and how well the tincture is absorbed sublingually ⁷².

Topical Methods: Localized Relief Without the High

Topical cannabis products are applied directly to the skin and are generally used for localized relief of pain, inflammation, and certain skin conditions. This category includes creams, balms, lotions, and transdermal patches.

A. Topicals (Creams, Balms, Lotions): Targeting Specific Areas

Cannabis topicals, such as creams, balms, and lotions, are infused with cannabinoids like THC and CBD and are designed for external application to specific areas of the body ³. A key characteristic of most topicals is that they typically do not produce psychoactive effects ⁸³. This is because the body absorbs the cannabinoids locally through the skin, and they generally do not enter the bloodstream in significant amounts, thus not reaching the brain to induce a “high” ⁸³. The onset of effects from topicals can range from 15 to 60 minutes, with the duration lasting anywhere from 4 to 6 hours or even longer, depending on the product and the individual ⁶³.

The primary advantage of cannabis topicals is their ability to provide targeted relief directly to the area where it is needed ⁸⁵. This makes them a popular choice for managing localized pain, inflammation, muscle soreness, and certain skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis ⁶³. Because they generally do not cause psychoactive effects, topicals can be used at any time of day without impairing cognitive function ⁸⁵. For most topical products, there are no specific dose limitations in the same way as with ingestible cannabis, as the absorption is localized ⁸⁵. However, there are some potential disadvantages to consider. The effects of topicals are limited to the area of application and do not provide systemic relief ⁸⁵. Some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to certain ingredients in the topical product ⁸². Certain ingredients, like menthol or capsaicin, can also cause eye irritation if hands are not washed thoroughly after application ⁸⁵. Activities like bathing or steaming shortly after application might reduce the effectiveness of some topicals ⁸⁵. While most topicals do not cause psychoactive effects, it is important to note that transdermal patches, discussed below, can deliver cannabinoids into the bloodstream and may result in systemic effects, including intoxication in the case of THC patches ⁸⁶. Topicals offer a unique way to experience the therapeutic benefits of cannabis without the psychoactive effects typically associated with other consumption methods ⁸⁵.

B. Transdermal Patches: Systemic Delivery

Transdermal cannabis patches are adhesive patches that are applied to the skin to deliver cannabinoids, such as THC or CBD, directly into the bloodstream over an extended period ²³. Unlike most other topical products, transdermal patches are designed to provide systemic effects, meaning the cannabinoids are absorbed into the circulation and can affect the entire body ²³. The onset of effects from transdermal patches is typically longer compared to other topicals, often taking several hours to become noticeable ⁸⁴. However, they can offer a much longer duration of relief, with some CBD patches lasting up to 24 to 96 hours ⁸⁴.

One of the key advantages of transdermal patches is their ability to provide long-lasting and consistent dosing of cannabinoids ²³. This can be particularly beneficial for medical users who require sustained relief from chronic conditions. Patches are also discreet and can be worn throughout the day without needing frequent reapplication ²³. However, the slower onset of effects might not be ideal for those seeking immediate relief. As with other topical products, there is a potential for skin irritation at the application site ⁸⁵. It is also important to note that THC-infused transdermal patches can cause psychoactive effects, as THC is absorbed into the bloodstream, unlike most other topical cannabis products ⁸⁶. Therefore, users should be aware of this potential and use THC patches with caution, especially if they are trying to avoid intoxication. Transdermal patches provide a convenient and sustained method of delivering cannabinoids systemically, offering a different approach to topical cannabis use compared to creams and balms that primarily provide localized relief.

Comparing the Effects: A Quick Reference

The various methods of cannabis consumption differ significantly in terms of how quickly their effects are felt, how long those effects last, and the general intensity of the experience. The following table provides a quick reference to help compare these key aspects across the different methods:

This table offers a clear overview of the pharmacokinetic differences between the various cannabis consumption methods, directly addressing the user’s query about their relative effects. It allows for a quick comparison of onset time, duration, and intensity, aiding in informed decision-making.

Health Considerations and Risks: Prioritizing Safety

Regardless of the consumption method, it is crucial to be aware of the potential health considerations and risks associated with cannabis use. These can include short-term effects like cognitive impairment, anxiety, and altered perception, as well as potential long-term risks such as mental health issues, the possibility of addiction, and impacts on brain development, particularly in adolescents ¹. Driving or operating heavy machinery under the influence of cannabis is also a significant safety concern ¹.

As detailed in the previous sections, each consumption method has its own specific set of risks. Smoking carries respiratory risks ³, while vaping has been linked to lung injuries and the inhalation of potentially harmful substances ¹¹. Dabbing’s high potency increases the risk of over-intoxication and adverse psychological effects ⁵. Edibles pose a risk of delayed overconsumption and accidental ingestion ⁵, and tinctures may interact with other medications ⁷³. Even topicals can cause skin irritation for some individuals ⁸².

To minimize these risks, it is essential to obtain cannabis products from legal and reputable sources, where products are more likely to be tested for contaminants and accurately labeled for potency ⁹. Certain populations should exercise extra caution or avoid cannabis altogether. Adolescents, whose brains are still developing, may be more susceptible to the long-term negative effects of cannabis use ¹. Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals should also refrain from cannabis use due to potential risks to the developing fetus or infant ¹. Individuals with pre-existing health conditions, particularly mental health disorders, cardiovascular issues, or respiratory problems, should consult with a healthcare professional before using cannabis, as it could exacerbate their conditions ¹. The diverse health risks associated with cannabis use underscore the importance of personalized risk assessment and making informed decisions based on individual health profiles and the chosen method of consumption.

Legal and Regulatory Landscape: Navigating the Rules

The legal status of cannabis consumption varies significantly across different regions. While many states and countries have legalized cannabis for medical and/or recreational use, it remains illegal at the federal level in the United States ⁵. Even in areas where cannabis is legal, regulations regarding its use can differ for various consumption methods ⁶². For instance, there may be restrictions on smoking cannabis in public places, similar to tobacco, while vaping and edible consumption might have different rules. Some jurisdictions are also beginning to regulate on-site consumption at licensed establishments ⁹⁷. It is therefore crucial for individuals to be aware of and adhere to the specific local laws and regulations governing cannabis use in their area. The legal landscape for cannabis is dynamic and continues to evolve ⁵, making it essential for users to stay informed about the current rules and any potential changes.

Responsible Use and Conclusion: Making Informed Choices

Choosing a method of cannabis consumption is a personal decision that should be based on a variety of factors, including desired effects, individual preferences, lifestyle, and health considerations. To ensure a safe and positive experience, responsible use is paramount. This includes starting with a low dose, especially for new users or when trying a new consumption method ⁷. It is also important to go slow and wait for the effects to fully manifest before consuming more, particularly with edibles due to their delayed onset ⁷. Users should always be mindful of the potency of the cannabis products they are using ¹¹ and consider their own individual tolerance and metabolism, which can significantly influence how cannabis affects them ⁶.

Driving or operating heavy machinery under the influence of cannabis should always be avoided due to the impairment of motor functions and judgment ¹. Cannabis products should be stored safely and securely, out of reach of children and pets, to prevent accidental ingestion ⁹. It is also crucial to be aware of potential interactions between cannabis and other substances, including alcohol and prescription or over-the-counter medications ¹.

Ultimately, responsible cannabis use comes down to education and awareness of the various consumption methods and their associated effects and risks. By understanding these differences, individuals can make informed choices that align with their personal needs, preferences, and health and safety considerations. If you have any questions or concerns about cannabis use, it is always advisable to consult with a healthcare professional who can provide personalized guidance based on your individual circumstances ²⁶.

Works cited

1. Cannabis Health Effects – CDC, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.cdc.gov/cannabis/health-effects/index.html
2. Cannabis Facts and Stats – CDC, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.cdc.gov/cannabis/data-research/facts-stats/index.html
3. Cannabis consumption – Wikipedia, accessed March 18, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_consumption
4. A Comprehensive Exploration of Cannabis Consumption Methods …, accessed March 18, 2025, https://rockymountaincannabis.com/a-comprehensive-exploration-of-cannabis-consumption-methods/
5. About Cannabis | Cannabis and Public Health – CDC, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.cdc.gov/cannabis/about/index.html
6. How Long Being High Lasts: Timing Tips – Lyphe Clinic, accessed March 18, 2025, https://lyphe.com/how-long-does-being-high-last/
7. The Ultimate Guide: When Do Edibles Kick In? – KRYPTON GLOBAL, accessed March 18, 2025, https://data-ktipton.globalchange.gov/the-ultimate-guide-when-do-edibles-kick-in
8. How Long Do Cannabis Tinctures Take To Work? A User’s Guide – The Pocket Dispensary, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.thepocketdispensary.com/how-long-do-cannabis-tinctures-take-to-work-a-users-guide/
9. Methods of Use – Student Health and Counseling Services – UC Davis, accessed March 18, 2025, https://shcs.ucdavis.edu/health-and-wellness/alcohol-tobacco-and-other-drugs/marijuana/methods-use
10. shcs.ucdavis.edu, accessed March 18, 2025, https://shcs.ucdavis.edu/health-and-wellness/alcohol-tobacco-and-other-drugs/marijuana/methods-use#:~:text=Marijuana%20can%20be%20smoked%2Finhaled,(not%20an%20exhaustive%20list).&text=Vaporizers%3A%20A%20device%20that%20heats,%2C%20cigarette%2C%20USB%20or%20similar.
11. Cannabis accessories for inhalation: Minimizing your risk when smoking, vaping and dabbing – Canada.ca, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/personal-use/accessories-inhalation.html
12. Common Forms of Marijuana (Cannabis) | AdCare Treatment Centers, accessed March 18, 2025, https://adcare.com/marijuana/forms/
13. Knowing Your Limits with Cannabis – Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2022-04/CCSA-Knowing-Your-Limits-with-Cannabis-Guide-2022-en.pdf
14. Cannabis: Inhaling vs Ingesting, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-06/CCSA-Cannabis-Inhaling-Ingesting-Risks-Infographic-2019-en_1.pdf
15. Cannabis Harm Reduction for Health Professionals – NB Lung, accessed March 18, 2025, https://nblung.ca/cannabis-harm-reduction/
16. Edible Cannabis Affects People Differently ‘start low – go slow’., accessed March 18, 2025, https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/public-safety-and-emergency-services/public-safety/csu/cannabis-edibles-safe-use-fact-sheet.pdf
17. Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: A brief review | The British Journal of Psychiatry, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/pharmacology-and-effects-of-cannabis-a-brief-review/82B02735F420CB287DCC80843FC34AE1
18. Effects of cannabis – Wikipedia, accessed March 18, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis
19. Health effects of cannabis – Canada.ca, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/documents/services/campaigns/27-16-1808-Factsheet-Health-Effects-eng-web.pdf
20. Understanding emerging forms of cannabis use through an online cannabis community: an analysis of relative post volume and subjective highness ratings, accessed March 18, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6692176/
21. 7 Things You Need to Know about Cannabis Extracts, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-07/CCSA-Things-You-Need-to-Know-about-Cannabis-Extracts-2019-en.pdf
22. The Best Ways to Consume Cannabis | RISE Dispensaries, accessed March 18, 2025, https://risecannabis.com/blog/cannabis-101/marijuana-consumption-methods/
23. Comprehensive Guide to Cannabis Consumption Methods …, accessed March 18, 2025, https://silverstemcannabis.com/news-articles/different-methods-of-cannabis-consumption-pros-and-cons
24. www.goodrx.com, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.goodrx.com/health-topic/cannabis/risks-benefits-of-legal-marijuana#:~:text=Because%20cannabis%20has%20long%20been,up%20the%20more%20you%20smoke.
25. Cannabis (Marijuana) | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), accessed March 18, 2025, https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/cannabis-marijuana
26. Is Marijuana (Cannabis) Good for You? 5 Benefits and 8 Risks – Health, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.health.com/condition/chronic-pain/marijuana-benefits-risks
27. How Marijuana Affects Your Mind and Body – WebMD, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/marijuana-use-and-its-effects
28. Health effects of cannabis – Canada.ca, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/health-effects/effects.html
29. Marijuana and Lung Health | American Lung Association, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.lung.org/quit-smoking/smoking-facts/health-effects/marijuana-and-lung-health
30. HOW HARMFUL IS MARIJUANA? – Marijuana as Medicine? – NCBI, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK224396/
31. How marijuana (cannabis) affects the body – MedicalNewsToday, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324948
32. Comparison of subjective, pharmacokinetic, and physiologic effects of marijuana smoked as joints and blunts – ResearchGate, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24428207_Comparison_of_subjective_pharmacokinetic_and_physiologic_effects_of_marijuana_smoked_as_joints_and_blunts
33. Vaping Marijuana: Is It Safer Than Smoking? – Verywell Health, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.verywellhealth.com/are-vaporizers-the-safest-way-to-smoke-weed-1124089
34. Are vaporizers a lower-risk alternative to smoking cannabis? – PMC, accessed March 18, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8975973/
35. Efficient Cannabis Consumption: Methods for Optimal Experience, accessed March 18, 2025, https://silverstemcannabis.com/news-articles/the-most-efficient-ways-to-consume-cannabis
36. Vaping vs. smoking: Long-term effects, benefits, and risks – MedicalNewsToday, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/vaping-vs-smoking
37. Vaping vs. Smoking Weed: Is One Safer? – Healthline, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.healthline.com/health/vaping-vs-smoking-weed
38. Cannabis vaping: Understanding the health risks of a rapidly emerging trend – PMC, accessed March 18, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7757764/
39. Vaping Marijuana Associated with More Symptoms of Lung Damage than Vaping or Smoking Nicotine – Michigan Medicine, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.michiganmedicine.org/health-lab/vaping-marijuana-associated-more-symptoms-lung-damage-vaping-or-smoking-nicotine
40. The Risks of Vaping Marijuana and Other Cannabis Products – Freedom Detox, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.legacyfreedom.com/the-risks-of-vaping-marijuana-and-other-cannabis-products/
41. Dabbing and Cannabis Concentrates: Safety Tips and Effects – NCADD.org, accessed March 18, 2025, https://recovered.org/marijuana/dabbing
42. Understanding What Is Dabbing | La Hacienda, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.lahacienda.com/blog/understanding-what-is-dabbing-effects-safety-and-more
43. What Is Dabbing? – Maggie’s Farm Marijuana Dispensaries, accessed March 18, 2025, https://maggiesfarmmarijuana.com/what-is-dabbing/
44. Dabs: Exploring Uses, Effects, and Potential Risks of Abuse for a Comprehensive Understanding, accessed March 18, 2025, https://californiaprimerecovery.com/the-dangers-of-dab-abuse/
45. Dabbing and Why It’s So Dangerous – Renaissance Recovery, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.renaissancerecovery.com/dabbing-and-why-its-so-dangerous/
46. What is Dabbing? – Partnership to End Addiction, accessed March 18, 2025, https://drugfree.org/article/what-is-dabbing/
47. Dabs: What is Dabbing and Is It Dangerous? – Addictions, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.addictions.com/marijuana/dabs-what-is-dabbing-and-is-it-dangerous/
48. Dabbing-Induced Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis – PMC, accessed March 18, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8357011/
49. What is a Dab and How Is It Abused? Effects and Risks – Laguna Treatment Center, accessed March 18, 2025, https://lagunatreatment.com/drug-abuse/marijuana/what-is-a-dab/
50. Cannabis dabbing: An emerging trend – PMC, accessed March 18, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8078006/
51. The Dangers of Smoking Concentrated Marijuana Wax – Oxford Treatment Center, accessed March 18, 2025, https://oxfordtreatment.com/substance-abuse/marijuana/wax/
52. 4 Dangerous Side Effects of Smoking Dabs | Adelante Recovery, accessed March 18, 2025, https://adelanterecovery.com/resources/4-dangerous-side-effects-of-smoking-dabs/
53. The Pros and Cons of Cannabis Edibles: What You Need to Know – Dixon Wellness Collective, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.dixonwellnesscollective.com/cannabis-edible/the-pros-and-cons-of-cannabis-edibles%3A-what-you-need-to-know
54. The Pros and Cons of Edible Marijuana vs. Smoking – Veriheal, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.veriheal.com/blog/edibles/pros-cons/
55. What are the effects of cannabis edibles? – MedicalNewsToday, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/effects-of-edibles
56. Health effects of consuming cannabis edibles – Ontario.ca, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.ontario.ca/page/health-effects-consuming-cannabis-edibles
57. 7 Things You Need to Know about Edible Cannabis, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2019-06/CCSA-7-Things-About-Edible-Cannabis-2019-en.pdf
58. How Long Do Edibles Last? The Duration and Effects of Edibles – Yahoo Lifestyle Canada, accessed March 18, 2025, https://ca.style.yahoo.com/long-edibles-last-duration-effects-080000730.html
59. Edible Marijuana: Is It Safe to Use? – Jefferson Health, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.jeffersonhealth.org/your-health/living-well/edible-marijuana-is-it-safe-to-use
60. How Cannabis Use Impacts Long-Term Health | Northwestern Medicine, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.nm.org/healthbeat/healthy-tips/how-cannabis-use-impacts-long-term-health
61. Comparing Cannabis Consumption Methods – – The Clear, accessed March 18, 2025, https://theclearbrands.com/blog/comparing-cannabis-delivery-methods/
62. Know Your Limit – Cannabis: Alcohol and Other Drug Resources – Northwestern University, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.northwestern.edu/aodresources/harm-reduction/know-your-limit-cannabis.html
63. Cannabis Fundamentals: Your Guide to Onset Times | Green Goods, accessed March 18, 2025, https://visitgreengoods.com/learn/guide-to-onset-times/
64. Marijuana Edibles: Risks, Side Effects & Dangers – American Addiction Centers, accessed March 18, 2025, https://americanaddictioncenters.org/marijuana-rehab/risks-of-edibles
65. How to Decide How Much Cannabis to Take – High Society Dispensary, accessed March 18, 2025, https://highsocietyok.com/ins-and-outs-of-cannabis/how-long-do-edible-effects-last/
66. Pros & Cons of Marijuana Edibles: Pain Relief, Anxiety & More | Moja Life, accessed March 18, 2025, https://moja-life.com/pros-cons-of-marijuana-edibles-pain-relief-anxierty-more/
67. Tasty THC: Promises and Challenges of Cannabis Edibles – PMC, accessed March 18, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5260817/
68. Medical Cannabis Tinctures (A Guide), accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.maliecannabisclinic.com/medical-cannabis-tinctures
69. Cannabis Edibles Are Not as Safe as People Think – Healthline, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.healthline.com/health-news/cannabis-edibles-health-risks
70. Marijuana Tinctures: How to make, use ,dose & store | RISE Dispensaries, accessed March 18, 2025, https://risecannabis.com/blog/cannabis-101/cannabis-tincture-guide/
71. What are Cannabis Tinctures & How Do You Use Them? – LivWell, accessed March 18, 2025, https://livwell.com/blog/cannabis-tinctures
72. www.nuggmd.com, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.nuggmd.com/blog/cannabis-tinctures-the-definitive-guide#:~:text=Cannabis%20tinctures%20can%20be%20an,waiting%20for%20it%20to%20absorb.
73. Cannabis Tinctures: The Definitive Guide – NuggMD, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.nuggmd.com/blog/cannabis-tinctures-the-definitive-guide
74. Cannabis Tincture vs Edibles – Which is Better? – Starbuds, accessed March 18, 2025, https://starbud.com/cannabis-tincture-vs-edibles/
75. How Do Weed Tinctures Compare to Other Forms of Cannabis Consumption? – Local Product of Colorado, accessed March 18, 2025, https://localproduct.co/how-do-weed-tinctures-compare-to-other-forms-of-cannabis-consumption/
76. Cannabis Tinctures and their Unique Effects – My Florida Green, accessed March 18, 2025, https://myfloridagreen.com/blog/effects-of-cannabis-tinctures/
77. Tincture High vs Edible | Power – Clinical Trials, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.withpower.com/guides/tincture-high-vs-edible-8627
78. Cannabis Tinctures: Understanding the Potency and Versatility – FloraFlex Media, accessed March 18, 2025, https://floraflex.com/default/blog/post/cannabis-tinctures-understanding-the-potency-and-versatility
79. What You Need to Know (And What We’re Working to Find Out) About Products Containing Cannabis or Cannabis-derived Compounds, Including CBD | FDA, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/what-you-need-know-and-what-were-working-find-out-about-products-containing-cannabis-or-cannabis
80. CBD: Safe and effective? – Mayo Clinic, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/is-cbd-safe-and-effective/faq-20446700
81. What are the negative side effects of thc tincture?, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.thcwax.net/what-are-the-negative-side-effects-of-thc-tincture
82. What Are The Side Effects Of CBD Pain Relief Cream? – Goodies, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.massmobilemassage.com/goodies/what-are-the-side-effects-of-cbd-pain-relief-cream/
83. Know Your Cannabis: Topicals — CONSUME, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.consumecannabis.com/blog/kyc-topicals
84. How Long Does Medical Cannabis Take to Work? | Releaf UK, accessed March 18, 2025, https://releaf.co.uk/blog/how-long-does-medical-cannabis-take-to-work
85. What to Know About Topical Cannabinoids – VidaCann, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.vidacann.com/topical-cannabinoids-pros-cons-to-know/
86. Cannabis topicals: What are they and how do they work? – Leafwell, accessed March 18, 2025, https://leafwell.com/blog/cannabis-topicals
87. Cannabis Topicals 101: Types, Uses, Benefits – RISE Dispensaries, accessed March 18, 2025, https://risecannabis.com/blog/cannabis-101/guide-to-cannabis-topicals/
88. How Long Does CBD Last? CBD Onset and Duration – SUPA Naturals, accessed March 18, 2025, https://supanaturals.com/blog/how-long-do-the-effects-of-cbd-last/
89. Topical Cannabis- Does it Live Up to its Presumed Pot ential – RxFiles, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.rxfiles.ca/rxfiles/uploads/documents/QandA-Topical%20Cannabis.pdf
90. THC Lotion vs. CBD Lotion: Concentration, Uses, Side Effects – Healthline, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.healthline.com/health/thc-lotion-vs-cbd-lotion
91. The Effects, Risks and Side Effects of Marijuana (Weed, Cannabis, THC) | SAMHSA, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.samhsa.gov/substance-use/learn/marijuana/risks
92. Responsible cannabis use, accessed March 18, 2025, https://cannabis.ca.gov/consumers/responsible-cannabis-use/
93. Cannabidiol (CBD) – Potential Harms, Side Effects, and Unknowns – SAMHSA Publications, accessed March 18, 2025, https://library.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/pep22-06-04-003.pdf
94. Cannabis Frequently Asked Questions – CDC, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.cdc.gov/cannabis/faq/index.html
95. Report State Medical Cannabis Laws – National Conference of State Legislatures, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.ncsl.org/health/state-medical-cannabis-laws
96. Federal Policy, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.mpp.org/policy/federal/
97. State-By-State On-Site Consumption Laws – Marijuana Policy Project, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.mpp.org/issues/legalization/state-by-state-on-site-consumption-laws/
98. Cannabis Regulatory Commission Homepage – NJ.gov, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.nj.gov/cannabis/
99. Cannabis Effects: Benefits and Potential Risks – GoodRx, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.goodrx.com/health-topic/cannabis/risks-benefits-of-legal-marijuana
100. What are the health benefits and risks of cannabis? – MedicalNewsToday, accessed March 18, 2025, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320984